37 On Thirith, see You Sambo interview. On the persistence of familism in Democratic Kampuchea, see Serge Thion, ”The Pattern of Cambodian Politics,“ in Ablin and Hood, eds., Cambodian Agony, pp. 149-164. Khieu Ponnary survived Pol Pot. In 1998 she was living in northwestern Cambodia in the zone controlled by Ieng Sary, who defected to the Phnom Penh government in 1996. The exact nature of her illness is impossible to determine.

38 See Heder, ”Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle,“ pp. 2-23; and Steve Heder, ”The Kampuchean-Vietnamese Conflict,“ in David Elliott, ed., The Third Indochina Conflict (Boulder, Colo., 1981), pp. 21-67. For new phenomena, see Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), August 19, 1977. See also Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 84ff.; Alan Dupont, ”The Vietnamese-Kampuchea Conflict, 1975-1979” (Master’s thesis, Australian National University, 1980), pp. 8-9; and Pierre-L. Lamant, “La frontière entre le Cambodge et le Vietnam du milieu du XIXe siècle à nos jours,” in P. B. Lafont, ed., Les frontières de Vietnam (Paris, 1989), pp. 156-187. For a detailed review of Cambodian relations with Vietnam since World War II, see Lionel Vairon, “Du Parti Indochinois à la ”Triple Alliance Indochinoise,“ Doctoral thesis, INALCO, Paris, 1998.

39 On the 1976 fighting, see Vickery, Cambodia, 1975—1982, p. 190; and audior’s interview with Ha The Duc, a former Vietnamese soldier (May 1991). The telegram, dated November 11, 1975, reports Vietnamese troop movements along the eastern frontier, referring at one stage to a ”100-meter“ incursion by a Vietnamese unit into Cambodia. Some of these incidents, as Lionel Vairon suggests, may have involved South Vietnamese non-Communist remnants. Others clearly involved Vietnamese government troops operating, perhaps without hostile intentions, on Cambodian soil. See Vairon, ”Du Parti Indochinois,“ p. 103.

40 See Ben Kiernan, ”Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens, and Cormorants: Kampuchea’s Eastern Zone Under Pol Pot,“ in Chandler and Kiernan, eds., Revolution and Its Aftermath, pp. 1970ff.; and Becker, When the War Was Over; pp. 252 and 311ff. Vickery, Cambodia, 1975—1982, pp. 194—196, reviews the evidence. On Khmer casualties in Vietnam, see author’s interview with Thach Tan (February 1988). For evidence of a Khmer probe into Vietnam on August 20, 1977, see the confession of Meas Mon (June 1978): ”After the Vietnamese ran away [sic] my CIA group [sic] wandered around burning houses and matériel.“

41 Kiernan, ”Wild Chickens,“ pp. 172ff. On the public relations value of the enterprise, an idea drawn from Steve Heder, see Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 195. On Vietnamese probes, see Robert Ross, The Indo-China Tangle (New York, 1988), pp. 155-156.

42 Pol Pot, ”Long Live the 17th Anniversary,“ and FBIS, Daily Reports, October 4, 1977. See also Nayan Chanda, ”The Pieces Begin to Fit,“ FEER, October 21, 1977.

43 Picq, Au delà du ciel, pp. 109—110. FBIS, Daily Reports, September 29, 1977, reports that with the emergence of the party, the ”Internationale“ was to be sung daily before the national anthem.

44 See ”Learning from Our Four Year Plan,“ Tung Padevat, special issue (October-November 1977): 113—128, which suggests that in some way the unannounced, unexplained plan was still in effect. I am grateful to Steve Heder for a translation of the article.

45 On the Vietnamese broadcast, see FBIS, Daily Reports, September 30, 1977; also noted in Ross, Indo-China Tangle, p. 148.