33 See Sok Nhanh’s confession; and “Training Khmers in North Vietnam,” CIA document in Pike Archives (Cambodia, March 1973). See also Kiernan, HPP, p. 280. Keo Meas stayed in Vietnam and China until 1975 and was purged in 1976. In December 1972, Son Ngoc Minh died of an illness in Beijing, where he had been transferred from Hanoi. He was revived as a hero in Cambodia after 1979—an avenue in Phnom Penh was named after him and his portrait appeared on 100-riel notes.

34 See Chandler, Tragedy, Chapter 5; Charles Meyer, Derrière le sourire khmer (Paris, 1971), pp. 283—385; and Martin, Le mal cambodgien, pp. 119ff.

35 On U.S. bombing, see Kiernan, HPP, pp. 285ff. See also “Notebook Entries August to September 1969 by [a Vietnamese] Cadre,” Pike Archives (Cambodia, September 1969); and testimony of Chau Vari So, Pike Archives (Cambodia, January 1974). On the prelude to the coup, see Chandler, Tragedy, Chapter 5.

36 On Sar’s visit to Hanoi, see Kiernan, HPP, pp. 297ff. Sihanouk was the only chief of state to attend Ho’s funeral. Engelbert and Goscha, Falling Out of Touch, citing Vietnamese sources, date Sar’s visit to November 1969, after Ho’s funeral. At this time, apparently, Sar asked the Vietnamese to send the Cambodian Communists in Vietnam home to help the CPK in its confrontation with Sihanouk. The Vietnamese delayed doing so until Sihanouk had been overthrown.

37 See Livre noir, pp. 34ff.

38 See Chandler, Tragedy, Chapter 6; and Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 118ff.

39 See Livre noir, p. 35; and author’s interviews with Alain Daniel (November 1987) and So Bun Hor (October 1988).

40 See Kiernan, HPP, p. 312. A 1974 party history, p. 12, states that before the coup the Communists had been fighting “by ourselves,” but that after March 1975 they received substantial aid from other countries, including Vietnam.

Chapter Six

1 Khieu Samphan was frequently called on to play this role, most recently in the early 1990s. See Heder, Khieu Samphan and Pol Pot.

2 Becker, When the War Was Over, pp. 153ff. On the NLF, Steve Heder pointed out (letter to author, August 1991) that similar front organizations had operated in Cambodia in the First Indochina War and in Laos until 1975. See also Teri Caraway, “The United Front Strategies of the Khmer Rouge” (B.A. honors thesis, Pomona College, California, 1989).

3 See the confession of Kheang Sim Hon (But) (December 1978), p. 20. But’s confession was composed after the release of the Livre noir, which makes similar anti-Vietnamese assertions (p. 52). See Carney, “Unexpected Victory,” p. 23; and Kiernan, HPP, pp. 310ff. Vietnamese training of Cambodian Communist-led troops continued through 1971. See Meas Mon’s confession (June 1978), p. 25: “In 1971 the work of building up our strength was the responsibility of the Vietnamese who helped with all the arrangements, and provided clothing, weapons, and training.”

4 Livre noir, pp. 48-49.