27 See Royaume de Cambodge, Ministère de l‘Education, Contrôle des étudiants boursiers: Carnet 1, France (microfilm), Echols Collection, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y

28 On the dinner celebration, see Cambodge, August 18, 1949. In Cambodge, September 2, 1949, Saloth Sor [sic] is listed as going to study at ”the National Professional School in Limoges or Toulon.“ There is no evidence that he enrolled in either school. Instead, he went directly to Paris and stayed there for the next forty months.

Chapter Three

1 Two readable memoirs by former Communist militants are E. Leroy Ladurie, Paris-Moutpellier (Paris, 1982); and Alain Besançon, Une génération (Paris, 1987). See also Dominique Dessanti, Les staliniens (Paris, 1975); Annie Kriegel, The French Communists (Chicago, 1972); and Jeanine Verdès-Leroux’s penetrating study, Au service du parti: Le parti communiste, les intellectuels, et la culture, 1944-1956 (Paris, 1986).

2 See Louis Malleret, L’exotisme indochinoise dans la littérature française depuis 1860 (Paris, 1934), especially pp. 183-192. Penny Edwards’s work in progress at Monash University makes a detailed study of French representations of “Cambodge” and “Angkor” in the colonial era. See also Bruno Dagens, Angkor: La forêt de pierre (Paris, 1989).

3 Royaume de Cambodge, Ministère de l‘Education, Contrôle des étudiants boursiers: Carnet 1, France, provides information on Sar’s arrival, departure, his failure to pass examinations, and his address in Paris.

4 Biographical information on Thiounn Mumm from author’s interviews with him (May 1988, June 1989, February 1990). See also Kiernan, HPP, pp. 29-30; and Stephen Heder’s unpublished interview with Thiounn Mumm (1980), which mentions his friendship with Saloth Sar.

5 From author’s interviews with Keng Vannsak (October 1986, May 1987); and Kiernan, HHP, pp. 121—123, drawing on interviews with Vannsak.

6 From author’s interview with Pierre Brocheux (May 1987). Brocheux joined the French Communist party as a lycée student in Paris in 1950.

7 See FBIS, Daily Reports, March 22, 1978, “Interview with Pol Pot.” See also Khmer nisut [Khmer student] 11 (January 1951): 36 (I’m grateful to Thiounn Mumm for lending me a copy of this issue); and V Vinterthaler, In the Path of Tito (Tunbridge Wells, U.K., 1972), pp. 218ff., describing the “self-management” reforms introduced by Tito in the summer of 1950.

8 Khmer nisut 11 (January 1951): 36. Ieu Yang returned to Cambodia in 1951 and supported Son Ngoc Thanh’s abortive bid for power. Later he became a republican politician in Phnom Penh. Le démocrate (Phnom Penh), August 31, 1950, confirms the presence of “eighteen Cambodian students” in Yugoslavia. The enthusiasm of the article suggests that Sar and the others went to Zagreb with the Cambodian Democrats’ knowledge and approval. Keng Vannsak (author’s interview, May 1987) said that Saloth Sar, whom he encountered in 1951, never mentioned his time in Yugloslavia.

9 For details, see Chandler, Tragedy, Chapter 3.

10 Michael Vickery, Kampuchea (London, 1986), pp. 60-62, and notes to these pages, pp. 182-183. See also Kiernan, HPP, pp. 83ff.; and Gareth Porter, “Vietnamese Communist Policy Toward Kampuchea, 1930-1970,” in Chandler and Kiernan, eds., Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuchea, pp. 57—98.