11 See Chandler, Kiernan, and Boua, eds. and trans., Pol Pot Plans the Future, pp. 128ff. And see Kheang Sim Hon’s confession (December 1978), which notes that in the northwestern zone, cadre were asked to set targets to be incorporated into the plan by the Central Committee in May 1976.

12 Twining, “Economy,” p. 144, estimates that rice harvests in 1976 amounted to roughly half the pre-1970 averages. Even without the diversions of surpluses, with no imports this shortfall would have led to widespread starvation. See also Martin, Le mal cambodgien, pp. 170ff.; and Becker, When the War Was Over, pp. 246—247, reporting Khieu Thirith’s tour of the northwest in 1976. Thirith was appalled by what she saw. On her return, she told Pol Pot that “agents had got into our ranks” and were wrecking the revolution. Her brother-in-law, convinced by this explanation, embarked on purges of the northwest in early 1977.

13 Chandler, Kiernan, and Boua, eds. and trans., Pol Pot Plans the Future, pp. 90ff.; FBIS, Daily Reports, July 25, 1975. François Grunewald (personal communication) has remarked how foreign these measures seemed to many Cambodian farmers—an ironic charge to level at the revolutionaries, who stressed the autonomy and “Cambodianness” of their proposals.

14 See also Twining, “Economy,” pp. 132—137; and Martin, Le mal cambodgien, pp. 185ff.; and Marie-A. Martin, “L‘industrie dans le Kampuchea Démocratique,” Etudes rurales 89-91 (January-September 1983): 77-110. Approximately 80 percent of the factories operating in the DK era dated from before 1975. Goods manufactured included “Liberation” cigarettes (distributed to cadre), cotton cloth, jute bags, and bricks.

15 See FBIS, Daily Reports, June 18, 1976, which suggests that “the traitorous clique and exploiting classes were afraid and frightened by the spirit of collectivism” exhibited by peasants. These peasants, however, preferred to work alone or with relatives and thus they resented the imposition of collectivization by the government. FBIS, Daily Reports, March 13, 1978, nevertheless boasted that “all remnants of the work systems, production techniques, beliefs and individualistic ways of life ... have been abolished by our ... peasants.”

16 For translations of DK revolutionary songs dating from 1975-1976, see Kiernan and Boua, Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea, pp. 236—238. Sihanouk, Prisonnier des khmers rouges, p. 131, refers to the songs broadcast over Radio Phnom Penh as “musical torture.” Picq, Au delà du ciel, p. 146, says that Pol Pot wrote the words to the national anthem, although Pol Pot himself suggested collective authorship in “Long Live the 17th Anniversary,” p. 48.

17 See Chandler, “Seeing Red,” pp. 34—56.