5 Chhim Samauk’s and Kheang Sim Hon’s confessions. An important aspect of the confessions that relates to Saloth Sar/Pol Pot is the numerous references to illness. On Cambodians coming south from Hanoi in April 1970, see the confession of Kol Thai (Vong) (January 1976); and U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, Airgram A-165, November 8, 1971, reporting Yun Soeurn’s departure from Hanoi “in April.” See also U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, Airgram A-179, November 30, 1971, and Airgram A-5, January 11, 1972.

6 Kheang Sim Hon’s confession, p. 22; Prum Saeng’s confession (January 1977). In 1971 Sary moved from Hanoi to Beijing. The photograph of Ieng Sary, Saloth Sar, and Nuon Chea in the forest printed in Ieng Sary, Cambodge 1972 (Beijing, n.d.), probably dates from 1970. Discussing the photograph, Becker noted: “Of them all, Saloth Sar has the least memorable face, the least assertive stance. Even in front of the camera he hides” (When the War Was Over, p. 160).

7 See Ben Kiernan, “The 1970 Demonstrations Against Lon Nol,” in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants and Politics, pp. 206—223.

8 Report Number 6, 028 0177 71, “Red Khmer Policy and Activity,” captured in December 1970 (Pike Archives, June 1971). For a similar injunction, see Tung Padevat (September-October 1972): 10, which states that “the Party is attached organizationally to the masses. That is to say: surrounding the Party is the secret organization; and surrounding the secret organization is the mass organization, thick and close together (s’ek skoh). Thus, the Party is attached to the masses.” Here and later, Saloth Sar referred to the leaders of the CPK as the “party” and its members as the “secret organization.”

9 Livre noir, pp. 55-57; Koy Thuon’s confession; and Hu Nim’s confession, in Chandler, Kiernan, and Boua, eds. and trans., Pol Pot Plans the Future, p. 251. See also U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, Airgram A-5, January 13, 1972, which states that Hu Nim, among others, conducted training sessions in Kompong Thom for Cambodians arriving from Vietnam in 1971; and Thion and Kiernan, Khmers rouges! pp. 166ff.

10 Kiernan, HPP, 327ff., based on interviews with participants; see Vorn Vet’s confession (typed version), p. 32; Non Suon’s confession. See also “Pisaoch muoy comnuon ompi ka ngie kosang pak, 1963—1971” [Some observations on the tasks of building the party, 1963-1971], Tung Padevat (September 1971). For Hu Nim’s account, see Chandler, Kiernan, and Boua, eds. and trans., Pol Pot Plans the Future, pp. 256—257. See also Kenneth Quinn, ”Political Change in Wartime: The Khmer Krahom Revolution in Southern Cambodia, 1970-1974,“ Naval War College Review 28 (Spring 1976): 3-31. Quinn served as the U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia in 1996-1998. Steve Heder (letter to author, August 1991) pointed out that it was tactically in Vietnam’s interest to emphasize the nationalist elements of the movement it mobilized to support its war against the United States and, eventually, to establish communism throughout Indochina.