“capitalizes on illiberal sentiments”: Khazan, O., “Why Is Russia So Homophobic?,” Atlantic, June 12, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/why-is-russia-so-homophobic/276817/.

“that are more homogeneous”: Jetten, J., Hogg, M. A., & Mullin, B. A., “In-Group Variability and Motivation to Reduce Subjective Uncertainty,” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 4, no. 2 (2000): 184–98.

“them more tolerant toward difference”: Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L., “Bridging the Partisan Divide: Self-Affirmation Reduces Ideological Closed-Mindedness and Inflexibility in Negotiation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93, no. 3 (2007): 415–30.

“countries like Finland or Sweden”: Uz, I., “The Index of Cultural Tightness and Looseness Among 68 Countries,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46, no. 3 (2015): 319–35.

“as is the Netherlands”: Gelfand, M. J., Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight and Loose Cultures Wire Our World (New York: Scribner, 2018), 199.

“positive bodily exploration”: Rough, B., “How the Dutch Do Sex Ed,” Atlantic, August 27, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/08/the-benefits-of-starting-sex-ed-at-age-4/568225/.

“in a major 2011 study”: Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L.,…Yamaguchi, S., “Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study,” Science, May 27, 2011, 332, 1,100–1,104.

“ads do the opposite”: Kim, H., & Markus, H. R., “Deviance or Uniqueness, Harmony or Conformity? A Cultural Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 4 (1999): 785–800.

“societies tend to be loose”: Gelfand, M. J., “Culture’s Constraints: International Differences in the Strength of Social Norms,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 21, no. 6 (December 2012): 420–24.

“where life is loose”: Greenfield, P. M., “The Changing Psychology of Culture from 1800 Through 2000,” Psychological Science 24, no. 9 (September 2013): 1722–31.

“and Hawaii is loose”: Harrington, J. R., & Gelfand, M. J., “Tightness-Looseness Across the 50 United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 22 (June 3, 2014): 7990–95.

“cultures similar to their own”: Chua, R. Y. J., Roth, Y., & Lemoine, J.-F., “The Impact of Culture on Creativity: How Cultural Tightness and Cultural Distance Affect Global Innovation Crowdsourcing Work,” Administrative Science Quarterly 60, no. 2 (June 2015): 189–227.

“anxieties in their people”: Pelto, P. J., “The Difference Between ‘Tight’ and ‘Loose’ Societies,” Transaction 5 (1968): 37–40.

“index of D+44—meaning”: The Cook Political Report, Partisan Voting Index, Districts of the 115th Congress, https://www.docdroid.net/JZXMmxl/arranged-by-pvi-rank-1.pdf#page=9.

“a character call Wichita Falls”: Shield, R. R., “The Improbable Rise of Redneck Rock by Jan Reid,” Ethnomusicology 22, no. 2 (May 1978): 358.

“Texas Monthly ranked”: Hauptman, W., “Will the World Flock to Wichita Falls?,” New York Times Magazine, August 7, 1988, https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/magazine/will-the-world-flock-to-wichita-falls.html.

“for exchanging racy letters”: Stryker, S., Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution (New York: Seal Press, 2017), 69–83.

“dressing rooms and resting rooms”: Kogan, T., “How Did Bathrooms Get to Be Separated by Gender in the First Place?,” Guardian, June 11, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/11/gender-bathrooms-transgender-men-women-restrooms.

“basic safety and privacy”: Berman, M., Larimer, S., & Horwitz, S., “North Carolina, Justice Dept. File Dueling Lawsuits over Transgender Rights,” Washington Post, May 9, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/05/09/north-carolina-justice-dept-face-monday-deadline-for-bathroom-bill/?utm_term=.3d7afb1cfe7d.