31 Martin, Le mal cambodgien, p. 194. This may have been the seminar on education in October 1978 mentioned by Sauv Kim Hong to Stephen Heder (interview): “[Pol Pot] seemed to be a very good speaker, cogent and coherent.”

32 Author’s interview with a Cambodian official (September 1990). The word samanh has overtones of humility as well as everydayness.

33 On the celebrations in Phnom Penh, see Picq, Au delà du ciel, pp. 123—124. See also Peter Schier and Manola Schier Oum, Prince Sihanouk on Cambodia (Hamburg, 1980), p. 31: “China and Korea helped them to industrialize the country.” See also Thiounn Mumm’s unpublished interview with Stephen Heder (September 1980), where Mumm pointed to several major industrial developments in 1978—a new oil refinery, electric power stations, and a “big paper factory,” among others.

34 See Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 327; Picq, Au delà du ciel, p. 141; and Ross, IndoChina Taugle, p. 211. Ross, p. 214, noted that several Chinese delegations, including a troupe of acrobats, visited Cambodia in the closing months of 1978.

35 Becker, When the War Was Over, pp. 406-436. Dudman had been taken prisoner by a Vietnamese-Cambodian guerrilla unit in 1970. See his Forty Days with the Enemy (New York, 1971) and his reports in the Sydney Morning Herald, December 26-30, 1978, and January 1-4, 1979. See also Malcolm Caldwell and Lek Hor Tan, Cambodia in the Southeast Asian War (New York, 1973). Caldwell’s writings on Democratic Kampuchea are collected in B. Hering and Ernst Utrecht, eds., Malcolm Caldwell’s Southeast Asia (James Cook University, Australia, 1979), pp. 27—137. Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime (New Haven, Conn., 1995), pp. 446-447, also discusses the visit, citing Caldwell’s notebooks.

36 The following paragraphs are drawn from Becker, When the War Was Over, pp. 430-433; author’s interview with Richard Dudman (April 1991); Dudman’s letter to author (March 1991); Stephen Webbe, “Who Is Pol Pot?” Christian Science Monitor, December 12, 1978; and Elizabeth Becker, “A Killing Machine with a Mission,” London Times, September 14, 1989, where she writes: “I was seated to his right, organizing my notebook and trying to avoid his smile, which was ... charming. Beware of stereotypes and bad photographs.”

37 Pol Pot was planning for prolonged guerrilla resistance and a Vietnamese occupation. See Nayan Chanda, “Pol Pot Eyes the Jungle,” FEER, December 15, 1978. The rapidity and success of the Vietnamese invasion probably surprised him.

38 Elizabeth Becker, “How a Western Radical Fell Victim to a Murderous Oriental Intrigue,” Guardian, April 21, 1982; When the War Was Over, pp. 433-436; Picq, Au delà du ciel, pp. 145-147; author’s interview with Ngo Pen (July 1989); and David Monaghan’s letter to author (March 1991). Ngo Pen was present at the Pol Pot—Caldwell interview as an interpreter and spent the night preparing a translation. He recalled the interview as “friendly” and as dealing with “agriculture and economics.” For a detailed discussion of the murder, see Burgler, Eyes of the Pineapple, pp. 151-152, 350—351. See also Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, pp. 448-450.

39 Sihanouk, Prisonnier des khmers rouges, pp. 312ff. Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 301ff., 339-340. See also Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist), Kampuchea Will Win! (Montreal, 1979).