36 On Sar’s visit to Hanoi, see Kiernan, HPP, pp. 297ff. Sihanouk was the only chief of state to attend Ho’s funeral. Engelbert and Goscha, Falling Out of Touch, citing Vietnamese sources, date Sar’s visit to November 1969, after Ho’s funeral. At this time, apparently, Sar asked the Vietnamese to send the Cambodian Communists in Vietnam home to help the CPK in its confrontation with Sihanouk. The Vietnamese delayed doing so until Sihanouk had been overthrown.

37 See Livre noir, pp. 34ff.

38 See Chandler, Tragedy, Chapter 6; and Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 118ff.

39 See Livre noir, p. 35; and author’s interviews with Alain Daniel (November 1987) and So Bun Hor (October 1988).

40 See Kiernan, HPP, p. 312. A 1974 party history, p. 12, states that before the coup the Communists had been fighting “by ourselves,” but that after March 1975 they received substantial aid from other countries, including Vietnam.

Chapter Six

1 Khieu Samphan was frequently called on to play this role, most recently in the early 1990s. See Heder, Khieu Samphan and Pol Pot.

2 Becker, When the War Was Over, pp. 153ff. On the NLF, Steve Heder pointed out (letter to author, August 1991) that similar front organizations had operated in Cambodia in the First Indochina War and in Laos until 1975. See also Teri Caraway, “The United Front Strategies of the Khmer Rouge” (B.A. honors thesis, Pomona College, California, 1989).

3 See the confession of Kheang Sim Hon (But) (December 1978), p. 20. But’s confession was composed after the release of the Livre noir, which makes similar anti-Vietnamese assertions (p. 52). See Carney, “Unexpected Victory,” p. 23; and Kiernan, HPP, pp. 310ff. Vietnamese training of Cambodian Communist-led troops continued through 1971. See Meas Mon’s confession (June 1978), p. 25: “In 1971 the work of building up our strength was the responsibility of the Vietnamese who helped with all the arrangements, and provided clothing, weapons, and training.”

4 Livre noir, pp. 48-49.

5 Chhim Samauk’s and Kheang Sim Hon’s confessions. An important aspect of the confessions that relates to Saloth Sar/Pol Pot is the numerous references to illness. On Cambodians coming south from Hanoi in April 1970, see the confession of Kol Thai (Vong) (January 1976); and U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, Airgram A-165, November 8, 1971, reporting Yun Soeurn’s departure from Hanoi “in April.” See also U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, Airgram A-179, November 30, 1971, and Airgram A-5, January 11, 1972.

6 Kheang Sim Hon’s confession, p. 22; Prum Saeng’s confession (January 1977). In 1971 Sary moved from Hanoi to Beijing. The photograph of Ieng Sary, Saloth Sar, and Nuon Chea in the forest printed in Ieng Sary, Cambodge 1972 (Beijing, n.d.), probably dates from 1970. Discussing the photograph, Becker noted: “Of them all, Saloth Sar has the least memorable face, the least assertive stance. Even in front of the camera he hides” (When the War Was Over, p. 160).

7 See Ben Kiernan, “The 1970 Demonstrations Against Lon Nol,” in Kiernan and Boua, Peasants and Politics, pp. 206—223.