30 See unpublished interviews conducted by Steve Heder with former DK cadre, p. 35: “On May 20, 1973, there were meetings everywhere to proclaim the co-operativization movement.” See also Kiernan, HPP, pp. 369ff.; and Pol Pot, “Long Live the 17th Anniversary,” p. 57. In 1982 the PRK designated May 20 as a national “day of hate,” demonizing the previous regime while slyly drawing attention to the day when the Cambodian revolution had diverged publicly from Vietnam’s (author’s conversation with a Cambodian official, October 1990). The extent of the collectivization program in 1973 is unclear. Kate Frieson, after more than one hundred interviews with survivors from this period, obtained only scattered evidence that collectivization was widespread in 1973 (personal communication).

31 This fifteen-page document is contained in a microfilm titled “The Hu Nim and Tiv Ol files,” deposited by Anthony Barnett in the Echols Collection, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y. Saloth Sar’s name appears as Number 47 (just ahead of Hou Youn) in a list of fifty-seven party members. Khieu Samphan appears as Number 37, just before Ieng Sary. Vorn Vet appears as Number 52.

32 See the confession of Chhim Samauk (Pang). Sar’s illness may have been exacerbated by exhaustion. In his confession (p. 79), Men Tul (Sat) stated that “Brother Number One in 1974 was sometimes in the northwest, the west, or the southwest, before returning to the east.” Also, in his confession, Ni Muong (Yon), a subordinate of Chhim Samauk, reported frequent movements by Saloth Sar and Nuon Chea in 1974.

33 See “Summary of Annotated Party History,” CPK document captured in 1973, translated by Timothy Carney; and “Prawat nei pak kommunis kampuchea” [History of the Communist party of Kampuchea], typewritten text, n.d. [probably 1974]. For comparisons of these texts, see Kiernan, HPP, pp. 364-365. See also “Chayo konto‘p padevat reboh pak kommunis,” pp. 24-64.

34 “Chayo konto’p padevat reboh pak kommunis,” pp. 49-50. In a similar speech in early 1977, a party spokesman boasted that the Revolutionary Army, only “seven years old” in 1975, had “beaten the American army [sic] which is two hundred years old” (Tung Padevat [December 1976—January 1977]: 61).

35 See Chou Chet’s confession; Pol Pot, “Long Live the 17th Anniversary,” p. 46; Siet Chhae’s confession; and Chhim Samauk’s confession. The battles of 1974—1975 were very bloody. Fatalities on both sides often ran as high as 50 percent. See Vickery, Cambodia, 1975—1982, p. 69.

36 See Kiernan, HPP, pp. 415ff.; Carney, “Unexpected Victory,” pp. 3ff.; and Chandler, Tragedy, pp. 247ff. See also George Hildebrand and Gareth Porter, Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution (New York, 1976), pp. 39ff., which praises the evacuation.

37 See U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “National Intelligence Estimate: Prospects for Cambodia through August 1975” (Pike Archives); and Arnold Isaacs, Without Honor (Baltimore, 1983), pp. 252ff.