McGovern hearing on Atkins diet: Select Committee 1973b (“The Atkins diet is nonsense…,” 17).

McGovern hearings on “Sugar in the Diet…”: Select Committee 1973a.

“We weren’t thinking…”: Interview, Kenneth Schlossberg.

McGovern’s 1976 hearings on diet and disease: Select Committee 1976 (“overconsumption may be as serious…,” 9).

“Particularly overconsumption of the wrong things…”: Ibid.:10.

“general rule of thumb”: Ibid.:19–20.

“I think what we need…”: Ibid.

“carbohydrate-deficiency syndrome…”: Astrup et al. 1994. See also Golay and Bobbioni 1997.

Proceedings of the UCSF conference: Wilson 1969. “Positive caloric balance…”: Lepkovsky 1969:95. Navy “ketogenic” diet study: Piscatelli et al. 1969 (“significant weight loss,” 185; “Uniformly and without…,” 188).

Proceedings of Obesity Association of Great Britain conference: McLean Baird and Howard 1969. “This weight gain was controlled…”: Craddock in discussion period, in McLean Baird and Howard 1989:124.

Howard became interested in carbohydrate restriction: Interview, Alan Howard. “A common feature of all…”: Howard 1969:104.

Proceedings of the Paris conference: Apfelbaum 1973. The INSERM presentation: Debry et al. 1973 (“lowering the carbohydrate”).

Proceedings of the NIH conference: Bray ed. 1976a. Presentations on physical activity: Lutwak and Coulson 1976; Björntorp 1976. On behavioral modification: Stuart 1976; Stunkard 1976c. On fasting: Drenick 1976 (“our experiences…,” 358). Young on diet: Young 1976.

Young’s presentation: Young 1976 (“weight loss, fat loss…,” 365; “No adequate…,” 364).

Proceedings of the 1973 London conference: Burland et al. 1974. Salans talk: Salans et al. 1974. Horton’s presentation: Horton et al. 1974 (“It is clear that…,” 225). Horton added that it was probably hyperinsulinemia: Discussion period, in Burland et al. 1974:249. Yudkin gave talk: Yudkin 1974 (“reduce superfluous adiposity…,” 276).

Harry Keen said: Discussion period, in Burland et al. 1974:361.

“You strictly curtail…”: Tarr 1972:13.

Rating the Diets: Berland 1974 (“much to recommend it” “helpful…,” 222; “the difficult-to-treat…,” 220; “pay little attention…,” 347). Obesity authorities would recommend: Bray 1978:254; Dwyer 1985:185.

Yudkin’s “no bread, no butter” argument: Yudkin and Carey 1960 (“the inevitability of calories”); Yudkin 1972c. “It is highly implausible…”: Yudkin 1974:274.

The High-Calorie Way: Atkins 1972.

“Dr. Pennington may be…”: Barr et al. 1953:137. “trash,” “potentially dangerous”: Quoted in Yuncker 1962. “nutrition nonsense…”: White 1962. Written by Van Itallie: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. “bizarre concepts of nutrition…”: Anon. 1973.

Mayer wrote: Mayer 1968 (“as aware as…,” “favors fat…,” 67; “tend to become…,” 203). “biochemical mumbo-jumbo”: Mayer 1973b.

“because that’s what was being taught…”: Interview, Robert Atkins. See also Atkins 1972:21–24. Gordon’s JAMA article: Gordon et al. 1963 (“not to produce…” “The total caloric…,” 55). Atkins said attention caught: Interview, Robert Atkins.

Bloom had noted: Bloom and Azar 1963; Azar and Bloom 1963. Atkins lost twenty-eight pounds, AT&T experiment: Atkins 1972:26–27.

Atkins in Vogue: Pierson 1970. Footnote. Bliss 1976:35.

“produce too much insulin”: Atkins 1972:32.

“ten thousand…”: Ibid.:2–3. Cleave as inspiration: Interview, Robert Atkins.

Third claim: Ibid. (“cruel hoax…,” 95; “the balanced low-calorie diet…,” 84–5). Bray published: Bray 1969; Bray 1970 (“The Myth of Diet”).

Atkins’s polemic: Atkins 1972 (“resentment…,” 26; “a revolution…,” 6; “Martin Luther King…,” 294; “lobster with butter…,” 3; “As long as you…,” 15). Stillman’s mega–best-seller: Stillman and Baker 1967.

Fastest-selling book: Select Committee 1973b:iv. “chief consequence…”: Yudkin 1974:273–74.

Background on Van Itallie, Stunkard, and Mayer: Stunkard 1976b:20; interviews, Albert Stunkard and Theodore Van Itallie. Van Itallie and White: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. “The Missississi River…”: Interview, Gerold Grodsky.