10. Legion of Merit, Colonel Edwin N. Hardy, Headquarters, Army Services Forces, Washington D.C., Fort Huachuca Museum archives.

11. Huachuca Illustrated 9 (1993): 88–89.

12. Ibid., 7.

13. Ibid., 84.

14. Darlene Clark Hine. Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession 1890–1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 6.

16. Hine, Black Women in White, 8–10, 54.

17. Ibid., 6.

18. Mabel Keaton Staupers, No Time for Prejudice: A Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1961), 97–98.

19. Ibid., 99.

20. Ibid., 99–100.

21. Hine, Black Women in White, 117–120.

22. Telegram to President Roosevelt from Mabel K. Staupers. January 6, 1945, NAACP General File, Library of Congress.

23. “James Carre Magee, Major General, U.S. Army, the Surgeon General,” Army Medical Bulletin 49 (July 1939): 1–3; Roderick M. Engert, “A Concise Biography of Major General James Carre Magee. Medical Corps, U.S. Army,” U.S. Army Medical Department, Office of Medical History, June 1964, history.amedd.army.mil/surgeongenerals/J_Magee.html.

24. Staupers, No Time for Prejudice, 102–103; Hine, Black Women in White,166; Huachuca Illustrated 9 (1993): 41.

25. Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 194.

26. Gordon R. Sullivan, The Army Nurse Corps (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 6; Huachuca Illustrated: A Magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum 9 (1993): 70.

27. Letters to Walter White, NAACP General File, Camp Conditions A642, Box 11, Folder 9, Library of Congress.

28. Huachuca Illustrated 9 (1993): 84.

29. Ibid., 20, 41.

30. Ibid., 20.

31. Ibid., 34.

32. Harlan Branford and Charles Hancock interview, June 11, 2012; Matthias Reiss, “Solidarity Among ‘Fellow Sufferers’: African Americans and German Prisoners of War in the United States During World War II,” Journal of African-American History 98, no. 4 (Fall 2013): 542–543.

33. Huachuca Illustrated 9 (1993): 45.

34. Ibid., 45.

35. Ibid., 65.

36. Charissa J. Threat. Nursing Civil Rights (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2015), Appendix A: Facts About Negro Nurses and the War.

37. Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales, 196.

4. German POWs in the United States

1. “By the Numbers: The U.S. Military,” National World War II Museum, New Orleans, www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/ww2-by-the-numbers/us-military.html.

2. “The Pima Cotton Boom,” The Arizona Experience, arizona experience.org/remember/pima-cotton-boom; “History of Good-year,” Goodyear, www.goodyearaz.gov/about-us/demographics-growth/history-of-goodyear

3. Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (New York: Stein & Day, 1979), 271–272; Arnold Krammer, “Japanese Prisoners of War,” Pacific Historical Review 52, no. 1 (February 1983): 70.

4. Some scholars, specifically Arnold Krammer, Michael R. Waters, Matthias Reiss, Barbara Schmitter Heister, Lewis H. Carlson, and Steve Hoza, have written in-depth about German POWs in the United States.

5. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 1–2.

6. Ralph A. Storm, Camp Florence Days (Eau Claire, Wisconsin: EC Printing, 2006), 25.

7. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 2.

8. Matthias Reiss, “Solidarity Among ‘Fellow Sufferers’: African Americans and German Prisoners of War in the United States During World War II,” Journal of African-American History 98, no. 4 (Fall 2013): 538.