9. There had been German prisoners of war detained in the United States during the Great War, but many of those POWs were German sailors caught by U.S. forces in Guam. The War Department designated three POW camps for them: Forts Oglethorpe and McPherson in Georgia and Fort Douglas in Utah. The exact number of German prisoners of war in the United States from the Great War wasn’t accurately calculated, because POWs were detained in the same camps as civilians of German descent who were rounded up and interned on U.S. soil during the war, but the numbers hover around 1,346. Allen Kent Powell, World War I and Utah, Utah History Encyclopedia, 1994, heritage.utah.gov/tag/fort-douglas; Leisa N. Vaughn, The Georgia Hun in the Georgia Sun: German Prisoners of War in Georgia, Georgia Southern University, Jack N. Averitt College of Graduate Studies, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Spring 2016, 33, digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2456&context=etd.

10. Reiss, “Solidarity,” 533–534.

11. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 93–94.

12. Storm, Camp Florence Days, 37; Steven Mintz, Mexican Americans and the Great Depression (NewYork: The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2009–2017), www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/great-depression/resources/mexican-americans-and-great-depression.

13. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 4.

14. POW registration card for Friedrich Karl Albert. July 9, 1944.

15. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 2–3.

16. Ibid., 4–5.

17. Ibid., 3.

18. Ibid., 5.

19. Steve Hoza, PW: First-Person Accounts of German Prisoners of War In Arizona (Phoenix: E6B Publications, 1995), 18, 31, 36.

20. Ibid., 11, 17, 33, 34, 36.

21. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 23.

22. Reiss, “Solidarity,” 537.

23. Ibid., 538, 545.

24. Lewis H. Carlson, We Were Each Other’s Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 21.

25. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 25.

26. Hoza, “German POWs,” 29.

27. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 25.

28. Storm, Camp Florence Days, 21.

29. Early ADC History, Florence, Arizona Department of Corrections, corrections.az.gov/adc-history.

31. Ibid., 38.

32. Ibid., 25.

33. Michael R. Waters, Lone Star Stalag: German Prisoners of War at Camp Hearne (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 22.

34. Storm, Camp Florence Days, 24.

35. Hoza, PW, 115–116.

36. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 126, 136.

37. “Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Florence, Arizona, 26–28 April 1945 by Captain Alexander Lakes,” Office of the Provost Marshal General, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, May 12, 1945, National Archives and Records Administration.

38. Tomas Jaehn. “Unlikely Harvesters: German Prisoners of War as Agricultural Workers in the Northwest,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 50, no. 3 (Autumn, 2000): 46–57, www.jstor.org/stable/4520253?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

39. “Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Florence, Arizona, 26–28 April 1945 by Captain Alexander Lakes,” Office of the Provost Marshal General, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, May 12, 1945, National Archives and Records Administration.

40. Office of the Provost Marshal General, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, Point 6: Religious Services, National Archives and Records Administration.

41. Office of the Provost Marshal General, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, Point 4: Education Program, National Archives and Records Administration.

42. Hoza, “German POWs,” 85.

43. Waters, Lone Star Stalag, 24.