12. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns (New York: Vintage Books, 2010).

13. James Oliver Horton and Lois Horton, Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1999), 73–74.

14. Horton and Horton, Black Bostonians, 158–159; Mark R. Schneider, Boston Confronts Jim Crow, 1890–1920.

15. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

16. Milton Record obituary for John D. Powell, December 10, 1910. Obit includes mention of John T. Powell of the 39th Regiment, USCT, MD.

17. Entry for Ray Elliott in “American Centuries: Views from New England,” Memorial Hall Museum’s online collection, www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1917.

18. Milton Record, October 26, 1918.

19. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynchings in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror, 2nd ed. (Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015).

20. Claudia Goldin, “Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers,” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1988.

21. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

22. Elinor’s baby book, written entries by Gladys Powell, 1921.

23. “Two Parent Household: Black Family Structure in Late Nineteenth Century Boston,” Elizabeth H. Fleck, Journal of Social History 6, no. 1 (Autumn 1972): 3–31.

24. Elinor’s yearbook entry, Milton High School yearbook, 1938.

25. Milton High School yearbook, 1938, 45.

26. Lincoln School for Nurses collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, archives.nypl.org/scm/20728.

27. Chris Albert interview. May 8, 2012; Chris Albert email to Alexis Clark, August 16, 2017.

2. Frederick

1. Oppeln facts. Municipal Visitor Center, Opole, info.um.opole.pl/en/.

2. Article 231, War Guilt Clause, Treaty of Versailles. “The Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, German Reparations, and Inter-Allied War Debts,” Office of the Historian, Department of State, United States of America, history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/dawes.

3. Richard J. Evans. The Third Reich in History and Memory (London: Little Brown, 2015), 18.

4. John Simkin, “Dawes Plan,” Spartacus Educational, September 1997, spartacus-educational.com/GERdawes.htm.

5. John Simkin, “Unemployment in Nazi Germany,” Spartacus Educational, September 1997, spartacus-educational.com/GERunemployment.htm.

6. “Opole, Poland,” Jewish Gen, an affiliate of the Museum of Jewish Heritage, data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-519973; “Opole,” Virtual Shtetl, December 2015, www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/opole/5,history.

7. Charlotte Tutsek interview, November 30, 2015.

8. Kristina Brandner interview, November 30, 2015.

9. Charlotte Tutsek interview, July 18, 2015.

10. Charlotte Tutsek interview, November 30, 2015.

11. “The German Reichsarbeitdienst, Feldgrau.com, German Armed Forces Research, 1918–1945, 1996, www.feldgrau.com/WW2-German-National-Work-Service-Reichsarbeitdienst.

12. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.

13. Kristina Brandner interview, June 22, 2012; Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark August 16, 2017.

14. Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2003), 163–164.

3. Fighting Hitler and Jim Crow

1. Huachuca Illustrated: A Magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum 9 (1993): 7.

2. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns (New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 8–9.

3. Andy A. Beveridge, “Harlem’s Shifting Population,” Gotham Gazette, September 2, 2008.

5. Claudia Marie Calhoon, “Tuberculosis, Race, and the Delivery of Health Care in Harlem, 1922–1939,” Radical History Review 80 (Spring 2001): 101–119.

6. Robert C. Hayden, “Historical Overview of Poverty Among Blacks in Boston 1950–1990,” Trotter Review 17, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 14.

9. Letter to Mabel Staupers from a nurse at P/W Camp Papago Park, Phoenix, Arizona, November 19, 1944, Moorland-Spingarn Collection, Howard University; Ralph A. Storm, Camp Florence Days (Eau Claire, Wisconsin: ECPrinting, 2006), 14.