5. Charissa J. Threat, “‘The Hands That Might Save Them’: Gender, Race and the Politics of Nursing in the United States during the Second World War,” Gender & History 24, no. 2 (August 2012): 456–474.

6. Mabel Keaton Staupers, No Time for Prejudice: A Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1961), 120–121.

8. Staupers, No Time for Prejudice, 120.

9. Ibid., 116.

10. Letter to Mabel Staupers, February 14, 1945, Moorland-Spingarn Collection, Howard University.

11. Cheryl Mullenbach, Double Victory: How African American Women Broke Race and Gender Barriers to Help Win World War II (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013) 130.

12. Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 124.

13. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

8. An Uncertain Future

1. Steve Hoza, PW: First-Person Accounts of German Prisoners of War in Arizona (Phoenix, AZ: E6B Publications, 1995), 87.

2. “Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Florence, Arizona, 26–28 April 1945 by Captain Alexander Lakes,” Office of the Provost Marshal General, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, May 12, 1945, National Archives and Records Administration.

3. “Prisoner of War Censorship Report, European Theater of Operations P/W Censorship Bureau. Military Intelligence Service, Curtis J. Siats, Major, Infantry, Commanding,” February 2, 1945.

4. Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (New York: Stein & Day, 1979), 217.

5. Elaine Raines, “Florence’s Prisoner of War Camp,” Arizona Daily Star, August 27, 2009.

6. Hoza, PW, 147.

7. Arnold Krammer email to Alexis Clark, May 23, 2017.

8. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 232.

9. Ibid., 232–233.

10. Ibid., 235.

11. Ibid., 228.; Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 27 July 1929. Part IV: End of Captivity, Section II: Liberation and Repatriation at the End of Hostilities, Art. 75.

12. Arnold Krammer email to Alexis Clark, May 23, 2017.

13. Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 27 July 1929. Article 75. Part IV: End of Captivity, Section II: Liberation and Repatriation at the End of Hostilities, Art. 75.; Krammer, Nazi Prisoners, 249.

14. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 233–247.

15. Ibid., 243–244; “Camp Shanks” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs, dmna.ny.gov/forts/fortsQ_S/shanksCamp.htm.

16. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America, 247–250.

17. Hoza, PW, 146.

18. Ibid., 147.

19. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, May 21, 2017.

20. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

21. Ibid.

22. Luke Harding, “Germany’s Forgotten Victims,” Guardian, October 22, 2003.

23. Kristina Brandner email to Alexis Clark, May 21, 2017.

24. Charlotte Tutsek interview, December 2015.

25. Barbara Schmitter Heisler, From German Prisoner of War to American Citizen: A Social History with 35 Interviews (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 8.

26. Ibid., 101.

27. Barbara Schmitter Heisler interview, June 2, 2017.

28. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.; Certificate of Marriage, Friedrich Karl Albert and Elinor Elizabeth Powell, June 26, 1947. City of New York, Office of City Clerk, Municipal Building, Manhattan.

29. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

30. Chris Albert interview, May 8, 2012.

9. Searching for Acceptance

1. “This Day in Truman History, July 26, 1948, President Truman Issues Executive Order No. 9981 Desegregating the Military,” Truman S. Library and Museum, www.trumanlibrary.org/anniversaries/desegblurb.htm.

2. Darlene Clark Hine. Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession 1890–1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 184–185.

3. Hope Taylor interview, October 24, 2014.

4. Dr. Edward Allen interview, January 13, 2013.