support for Bush administration, 17

Medina, 70, 76, 78–79, 89

mehr, 111

Merkel, Angela, 42

Mernissi, Fatima, 116, 118, 123

Mina, 77–78

Mirza, Shazia, 37

moneylending, 80–82, 90

Mos Def, 138

mosques

ban on women, 119

equality of women in Mecca and Medina, 72, 123

role in Iranian revolution, 65

role of, 62–64

Mount of Mercy, 32, 75, 87–91

Mubarak, Hosni, 50

Muhammad

attitudes toward women, 115–17

ban on depictions of, 47, 50, 87

death of, 79

demonization by Christian leaders, 23, 43

life of, 88–89

marriages, 116–17

as moderate, 31–32, 91

place within Islam, 58

popularity as given name, 38, 89

and religious pluralism, 26

revelation of Qur’an to, 85 86, 88

sermon on Mount of Mercy, 32, 75, 87–91

as warrior, 31–32, 129

Mujahideen, 127

Mulia, Musdah, 121–22, 124–25

Munir, Lily, 122

Musharraf, Pervez, 145

music, 81, 138–39

Muslim Brotherhood, 29

Muslim states

history of religious pluralism, 35

poverty of, 27–28

Muslims

challenging of orthodoxy, 146

deported from US, 16–17

desire to integrate into Western society, 41–42, 51–52

detained without charges, 16–17

diversity of views, 21, 31, 54, 83

in Europe, 38–55

hospitability, 66–67

population statistics, 8, 11, 38, 40

repression of, 15

systemic discrimination against, 38–42

youth, 28, 39

mysticism, 94–95, 119

Nashat, Guity, 96, 119

Nassar, Farid (Fredwreck), 139

Nation of Islam, 139

Netherlands

foreign imams, 44–45

ignorance of Muslims, 148–49

Scientific Council for Government Policy, 148–49

Nigeria, 99–100

9/11 attacks, 34, 36, 128, 140

niqab, 55

Nuruzzaman, Husein Muhammad, 122

Nusayris, 95

Ottoman Empire, 26

Pakistan, 26, 27, 29, 97, 98, 127

Palestine, 145. See also Israeli Occupied Territories

Pape, Robert, 134

PEN International, 52

Peters, Rudolph, 127

pilgrimages, 56, 70–79

polygamy, 108–10, 117, 119, 122

poverty, 27–28, 38–41

prayers

daily, 58–61

during Eid festivals, 64–65

on Fridays, 64

offered in mosques, 62–64

“psychological internment,” 11–12

qirat, 84–85

Al-Quds al-Arabi, 49

Quebec, resolution against

sharia, 22

Qur’an, 83–87

biblical figures mentioned in, 58, 87

blamed for terrorism, 23–24

compilation of, 87

on jihad, 128–31

literalist reading of, 34

memorization, 84, 86

no mention of hijab, 113–14

recitation, 84–85

and religious pluralism, 31, 146–47

revelation to Muhammad, 85–86, 88

and status of women, 100–102, 120–21, 121–22

“sword” verses, 128–29

racial profiling, 11–12

Ramadan, 64–65, 67–70

Ramadan, Tariq, 45, 122

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 51

Rather, Dan, 127–28

Reagan, Ronald, 127

religious pluralism, 26, 31, 35, 93, 130–31, 146–47

Reza, Shah of Iran, 53

Rimitti, Sheikha, 81

Roberts, Les, 10

Robertson, Pat, 23

Rodinson, Maxime, 142

Romero, Anthony, 16–17

Rose, Flemming, 51

Roy, Olivier, 38

Royal Canadian Mounted

Police, 20

Rumi, 95

Rushdie, Salman, 46–47

Russia

censorship, 65

Muslims in, 8

war in Chechnya, 12–13, 15, 27, 30

Ruthven, Malise, 121

Sadat, Anwar, 136

Safa and Marwa, 74–75

Saffiyah (wife of Muhammad), 32

sainthood, 94

salah, 58–61

Satan, stoning of, 77–78

Saudi Arabia

alleged funding of radical imams, 44

expansion of Mecca and Medina mosques, 71

relations with US, 140

status of women, 98–99, 122

tolerance for non-Wahhabis, 146

sawm, 67–70

Schoonenboom, Jan, 149

Schulhofer, Stephen, 30

sectarianism, 10–11

shahada, 57–58

Shaltut, Mahmud, 129–31

sharia, 22, 99–100, 108, 117–19

Shiite Muslims, 10, 32, 34, 94

Simon, Jana, 139

Sistani, Syed Ali, 144–45

Six-Day War, 136

slavery, 91

“sleeper jihad” theory, 25

Smith, Huston, 135, 136

Spain

barriers to citizenship, 39

expulsion of Jews and Muslims, 131

Spielhaus, Riem, 52, 106

spousal abuse, 104–5, 115

Stevens, Cat, 81, 86

Stoning

of Satan, 77–78

of women, 107–8

Sufi Muslims, 94–95, 119

suicide, 93, 133

suicide bombing, 132–35, 140–41

Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 97

sukuk, 82

Sunni Muslims, 10, 32, 34, 94

Surucu, Hatin, 106

Sweden, 39, 105

Syria

alleged inciting of Danish cartoon protests, 50

and religious pluralism, 34–35

Taliban, 53, 81, 97, 114

Tamil Tigers, 133, 134

Tantawi, Sayed Mohammed, 133–34

tawaf, 73–74

terrorism

blamed on Qur’an, 23–24

denuncation by Muslims, 31, 133–34, 144–45

exacerbation of

Islamophobia by, 38

as reaction to US foreign policy, 141–42

as response to occupation, 134, 135

Topkapi Palace Library, 50

torture, 14–15, 18

Trudeau, Alexandre, 19

Tunisia, 109, 127

Turkey, 97, 144

application to join EU, 42–44

ban on hijab in public buildings, 53

denunciation of honor killings, 106

relations with Israel, 145

Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 136–37, 141–42

Umrah, 70–75

United Arab Emirates, 146

United Kingdom

colonialism, 26

support for invasion of Iraq, 13–14

United States

affluence of Muslims, 42

detention of Muslims without charges, 16–17

foreign policy angers Muslims, 12–13, 26–27

invasion of Iraq, 10–11, 13–15, 148

link between terrorism and foreign policy, 141–42

polygamy in, 110

Usman, Azhar, 36–37

usury, 80–81, 90

Utah, 110

Uzbekistan, ban on hijab in schools, 53

van Gogh, Theo, 46–47, 140–41

Vines, Jerry, 23

“voluntary deportation,” 18–19

voting, eligibility for, 41, 99

Wahhabism, 71, 140, 146

Walther, Wiebke, 109

“war on terror”

civilian toll, 9–10