Passage West
Chapters (59)
Cover
Dedication
To Nikku,
for whom all this might have mattered,
and
to Maya, and Jay, and Anji,
for whom perhaps it someday will.
Epigraph
It is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.
—George Washington, letter to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 1790
PRINTED IN SAN FRANCISCO CALL NEWSPAPER AUGUST 13, 1910
Cast of Characters
Ram Singh—native of Shahpur village, Jullundur District, Punjab, living in Chenab Canal Colony, Lyallpur; arrives in Fredonia in 1914 at age twenty-one
Padma—Ram’s wife, native of Jullundur District, Punjab, living in Chenab Canal Colony, Lyallpur
Santosh—Ram’s young son, living with Padma in Punjab
Ishwar Lal—Ram’s first cousin, living in Chenab Canal Colony, Lyallpur, Punjab
Karak Singh Gill—native of Tarkpur village, Ludhiana District, Punjab; former British Indian Army soldier; arrives in Fredonia in 1913 at age thirty
Jivan Singh Gill—native of Tarkpur village, Ludhiana District, Punjab; former British Indian Army soldier; arrives in Imperial Valley in 1905 at age forty-three
Amarjeet Singh Gill—Jivan’s nephew, native of Tarkpur village, Ludhiana District, Punjab; arrives in Imperial Valley in 1910 at age fourteen
Kishen Kaur—Jivan’s wife, native of Ludhiana District, Punjab; arrives in Imperial Valley in 1910 at age thirty-eight
Leela Kaur—Jivan and Kishen’s daughter, native of Fredonia, born 1911
Rosa María Fernandez Delgado—native of Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico; field worker; arrives in Imperial Valley in 1914 at age sixteen
Esperanza Fernandez Delgado de Felix—Rosa’s older sister, native of Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico; seamstress; arrives in Fredonia in 1910 at age twenty-seven
Alejandro Felix Moreno—Esperanza’s husband, native of Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico; foreman; arrives in Fredonia in 1910 at age thirty-five
Adela Rey Vasquez—first cousin of Rosa and Esperanza, native of Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico; arrives in Fredonia in 1918 at age thirty
Haruo (Harry) Moriyama—Amarjeet’s high school friend and neighbor, native of Fredonia
Tomoya (Tom) Moriyama—Haruo’s father, native of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Hatsu Moriyama—Haruo’s mother, native of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Masa and Yuki—Haruo’s sisters, natives of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Clive Edgar—native of Kansas; land agent for hire; arrives in Imperial Valley in 1910 at age twenty-one
Stephen Eggenberger—Singhs’ absentee landlord, native of Lucerne, Switzerland; living in Los Angeles
Harnam Singh, Gugar Singh, Hukam Singh, Inder Singh—Sikh natives of Punjab, farmers in Imperial Valley
Malik Khan, Sikander Khan, Ahmed Khan—Muslim natives of Punjab, farmers in Imperial Valley
Sheriff Frank Fielding—native of Arizona; Imperial County sheriff
Deputy Elijah Hollins—native of Alabama; Imperial County sheriff’s deputy
Maurice Roubillard—native of Louisiana; cotton sharecropper of portion of Eggenberger’s land