‘And nor should you, for they aren’t words at all. Even these groupings are a decoy, I quickly realised. This is no sentence. Look at them! What sentence has words of such regular lengths?’

‘It is written in a cipher,’ said Joan. ‘That much is obvious.’

‘Yes! But what cipher? What do we known about ciphers? You, Thomas?’

‘Just get on with it, Roger.’

‘Oh, very well. The first cipher was used by the Spartans, long before the birth of Christ. They had a device called a scytale. You would wrap a strip of leather around a baton, and write out your message; once unwrapped the letters are scrambled, you see, illegible to anyone who doesn’t have a baton of the same dimensions. Tacitus wrote of codes and ciphers, as did the Greek Polybius. Julius Caesar used a substitution cipher, which depended on a simple cyclic displacement of the alphabet. Caesar used a displacement of three positions, while Augustus later used one.’

‘I’ll be the one to ask,’ Joan said heavily. ‘What is a “simple cyclic displacement”?’

Bacon reached for a bit of chalk and scribbled on the tabletop. ‘You write out your alphabet. A, B, C, D. And you write it out again with the letters shifted through three spaces, say. D, E, F, G. You have the word you wish to encode, say “CAESAR”. And you exchange the true letters for the shifted ones. So C becomes F, A is D, E is H . . .’

‘I understand,’ said Joan.

‘Now, history tells us there have been ciphers a good deal more sophisticated than that. Polybius himself described a bilateral substitution system, which means . . . never mind! Happily for your weary brains, I soon concluded we aren’t dealing with anything much more complex than Caesar’s substitutions.’

‘Why do you believe that?’ Saladin asked.

‘This is a message in the Latin alphabet, not Arabic or Persian or Greek. So it is surely a Latin message. The Moors of Spain are developing extremely advanced cryptographic systems, I’m told. But a thousand years after the Caesars, we Latin scholars still lag behind the rest in our ciphers as in everything else. One point on which I kept an open mind was which alphabet we are using here.’

‘The Latin one,’ said Saladin.

‘Ah, but which Latin? Caesar used twenty-three letters. We use twenty-five, for we have added U and J. I thought it most likely the classic alphabet was the one employed.