“This procedure alters…”: Friedman 2004.

“Theories that diseases are…”: Sontag 1990:55. “playable game”: Kuhn 1970:90.

Von Noorden sought: Von Noorden 1907a:694–97.

“As long as we have…”: Interview, Kelly Brownell. “Our culture’s apparent obsession…”: Hill and Peters 1998.

“why then do we not…”: Quoted in Rony 1940:201. Footnote. Starbucks Coffee Company 2006.

Stunkard wrote: Stunkard and McClaren-Hume 1959. Mayer also ridiculed: Mayer 1955.

“Obesity is not a sin…”: Mayer 1968:165.

“Fat Americans…”: Spark 1973.

“the combination of weak will…”: Newburgh and Johnston 1930a:212. “It exists in many non-obese…”: Rony 1940:63.

Ravussin’s basal-metabolic study: Ravussin et al. 1988. The observation in infants: Roberts et al. 1988. “If obesity was only caused…”: Ravussin 1993.

“I was shocked…”: Interview, Eric Ravussin.

“revolution in thinking…”: Whalen 1950. Never embraced this conclusion: See Bruch’s comments in Anon. 1955a:123–24.

“The literature on behavior…”: Bruch and Touraine 1940:204. “Life situations”: Bruch 1940:770.

“critical re-evaluation…”: Bruch 1957:19. “The efficacy of any treatment…”: Bruch 1940:775. “When I began to work…”: Bruch 1957:150–51.

“adequately established…”: Bruch 1957:11–12.

“primary metabolic…” and “Studies of human obesity…”: Bruch 1973:32.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Epigraph. “The complicated mechanism…”: Rubner 1982:8.

Jean Mayer observed: See Mayer 1954:41–43. See also Mayer 1968.

“The fact remains…”: Brody 1999b.

“Let me state…”: Anon. 1955a:111.

“a plethora of calories”: MacBryde 1951:657.

“primary metabolic…”: Bruch 1973:32.

“separate recognized facts…”: Rony 1940:6.

Compared with growing children: Ibid.:47–49.

Reverse causation, pregnancy, and weight in animals: Wade and Schneider 1992.

“The statement that primary increase…”: Rony 1940:58–59.

Studies of the pre-obese: Ravussin et al. 1988; Roberts et al. 1988. See also Ravussin and Swinburn 1992.

“We cannot get away…”: Yudkin 1959.

“for most adults…”: USDHHS and USDA 2005:14. “There is only one trouble…”: Bruch 1957:25–26.

If we consume an average: Miller and Mumford 1966. “It is conceivable…”: Du Bois 1936:237.

“no stranger phenomenon…”: Ibid.:252.

Gordon Kennedy discussed: Kennedy 1961.

“multiple metabolic control mechanisms”: Cahill and Renold 1965.

Intake and expenditure as dependent variables: See, for instance, Lusk 1928: 170–74; Grafe 1933:136–46; Du Bois 1936:231–69; Kleiber 1961:266–90.

“Changes in…hormones…”: Shetty 1999. “dieting is difficult…”: Frayn 1996:245.

“usual symptoms…”: Keys, Brozek et al. 1950:884.

“spontaneous impulses…”: Rony 1940:48.

“clue to the puzzle” and “react exactly like…”: Anon. 1955a:124. Child’s growth stunted: See, for instance, Ashworth et al. 1968.

Luxuskonsumption: See Du Bois 1936:262–69 and Grafe 1933:139–46 for pre–World War II reviews. Term first used by Neumann: Neumann 1902. A modern review of Neumann’s work can be found in Bennett and Gurin 1982:79–82.

“Food in excess…” and “well within the capacity…”: Lyon and Dunlop 1932.

“The idea that people…”: Garrow 1981:53. Pigs fed low-protein diet: Miller and Payne 1962. Survival advantage: See Sims 1976. Footnote. Baxter 1976.

“thermochemical tangle…”: Rubner 1982:329. For a modern discussion of diet-induced thermogenesis, see Schutz and Jéquier 1998. Rationale for high-protein diets: See, for instance, Jolliffe 1952:48.

As the external environment changes: Rubner 1982:36,329.

Rubner argued: See Krebs 1960. Voit believed: see Du Bois 1936:236 (“impulse to…”).302 Thrifty and spendthrift metabolisms: Pennington 1953b is perhaps the best post–World War II discussion of this concept.