Higginson noted: Maugh 1979. “difficult to reconcile”: Williams et al. 1981.

Critical test from the Nurses Health Study: Willett et al. 1987. “a good study…”: AP 1987. NCI researchers published: Jones et al. 1987. “perhaps because no one…”: Marshall 1993b.

Results from eight years of Nurses Health Study: Willett et al. 1992. Fourteen years: Holmes et al. 1999.

Greenwald had responded: Schatzkin et al. 1989.

“indisputable” and “a high-fat, high-calorie…”: Ibid. “supplemented with” polyunsaturates: Rogers and Longnecker 1988.

Kritchevsky published an article: Kritchevsky et al. 1984. Kritchevsky later reported: Klurfeld et al. 1989. Pariza’s similar results: Boissoneault et al. 1986. “If you restrict…”: Interview, Mike Pariza. “overwhelmingly striking…”: Interview, Demetrius Albanes.

Neither “convincing” nor even “probable”: World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 1997: 252, 261–9. “largely null”: Interview, Arthur Schatzkin.

ACS guidelines: Byers et al. 2002 (“limit consumption…”); Kushi et al. 2006 (“there is little…,” “major contributors…,” “diets high in fat…,” and “may have an effect…”).

Details of the WHI: Ritenbaugh et al. 2003.

WHI results on breast cancer: Prentice et al. 2006. On heart disease and stroke: Howard, Van Horn, et al. 2006. On colon cancer: Beresford et al. 2006. Elizabeth Nabel stated: NHLBI Communication Office. The accompanying JAMA editorials: Buzdar 2006.

WHO press release: WHO 2006. Basis of the early controversy: Marshall 1993a. Footnote. Howard, Manson, et al. 2006.

Bacon would have called: Bacon 1994 (“wishful science,” 59; “stuck fast…” and “…downhill ever since,” 84).

“…no dishonesty involved…” and “pathological science”: Langmuir 1989. “If you throw money…”: Interview, Wolfgang Panofsky.

“Most drugs…”: Interview, Richard Kronmal.

Keys, the changing American diet, and the epidemic: Keys 1953. “no basis”: Keys 1971.

Keys in the 1950s on Japanese men: Keys 1957. The Seven Countries Study: Keys 1980:86; Keys et al. 1994. Japan in the 1990s: Koga et al. 1994 (“…progressive increases…,” “remarkable reduction,” and “It is suggested…”). Average American cholesterol values: National Center for Health Statistics 2006.

Keys dismissing misdiagnosis: Keys 1957. “might have been misled…”: Keys et al. 1984.

“I’ve come to think…”: Boffey 1987.

French-Italian-Spanish and Australian paradoxes: Powles 2001. Footnote. Guberan 1979.

MONICA details and results: Kuulasmaa et al. 2000. “far and away…” and “whatever the results…”: Interview, Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe.

“…classical risk factors…”: Interview, Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe.

Jacobs visited Japan: Interview, David Jacobs. Cholesterol, stroke, and Japan: Blackburn and Jacobs 1989.

Framingham investigators provided: Anderson et al. 1987.

Most striking result: Ibid.

The NHLBI workshop: Jacobs et al. 1992. Footnote. Hulley et al. 1992.

Rifkind’s interpretation: Interview, Basil Rifkind. Cf. Jacobs et al. 1992.

“Questions should be pursued…”: Jacobs et al. 1992.

Feynman’s lectures: Feynman 1967 (“…if your bias…” and “…absolutely sure…,” 147).83 Meta-analysis: Mann 1990 provides a good review.

“reduced or modified…”: Hooper et al. 2001.

“A major lesson…”: Keys 1975.

“The pooled effects suggest…”: Ebrahim et al. 2006.

Evidence indeed suggested: Malmros 1950; Schornagel 1953; Vartiainen and Kanerva 1947.

PART TWO: THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS

Epigraph. “The world…”: Furnas and Furnas 1937: 62–63.

CHAPTER FIVE:
DISEASES OF CIVILIZATION

Epigraph. “The potato…”: Sai 1967.