17. “Islam United to Stop Genital Mutilation,” The Rabat Declaration, November 2005.

18. Michael Slackman, “In Egypt, Shielding Girls from an Old Practice,” New York Times, September 20, 2007.

19. Wiebke Walther, Women in Islam, 57.

20. Jane Perlez, “Indonesian Filmmaker’s Personal Take on Polygamy,” New York Times, August 21, 2006.

21. Genevieve Oger, Deutsche Welle, July 31, 2005 (posted on the website of Women Living Under Muslim Laws).

22. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1987), 104-105.

23. Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1983), 35.

24. A.A. Engineer, The Qur’an, Women and Modern Society (Kuala Lumpur: Synergy Books International, n.d.), 23.

25. Aisha Bewley, Islam: The Empowering of Women (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1999), 31.

26. Guity Nashat, “Introduction,” Women in Islam, 6-7.

27. Philip K. Hitti, The History of the Arabs, 6th ed. (New York: St. Martin’s, 1958), 333. First published in 1937 by Macmillan.

28. Waleed Aly, “A Smarter Way to Fight for Muslim Women,” The Age, March 9, 2005.

30. Malise Ruthven, Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 115.

31. Amy Gutmann, “Introduction,” Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, by Michael Ignatieff (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).

32. Zainah Anwar, “The Experience of Sisters in Islam,” paper presented at a conference of the International Human Rights Law Group, October 10, 2003 (posted on the website of Women Living Under Muslim Laws).

33. Ben Arnokly, “A Bid to Bring the Female Voice to Islamic Law,” Christian Science Monitor, November 21, 2006; see also website of The WISE, Women’s Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equity, and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6Oj1zqphlA.

34. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite, 24.

35. Laurie Goldstein, “Muslim Women Seeking a Place,” New York Times, July 22, 2004.

36. Margot Badran, “Islamic Feminism: What’s in a Name?” Al-Ahram Weekly, January 17-23, 2002.

5 Jihad and Terrorism

1. John Esposito, What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 119.

2. Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996), 1.

3. Mahmud Shaltut’s essay in Arabic has been translated by Rudolph Peters and included in his book Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, 97, 113.

4. Ibid., 82.

5. Ibid., 77.

6. Huston Smith, Islam: A Concise Introduction (San Francisco: Harper, 2001), 72.

7. Associated Press, “Islamic Nations Vow to Combat Extremist Ideology,” December 12, 2005.

8. John Esposito, What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam, 119.

9. Martin Fackler, “Minister Commits Suicide in Japan,” International Herald Tribune, May 28, 2007.

10. Philip Gourevitch, “Letter from Sri Lanka: Tides of War,” New Yorker, August 1, 2005.

11. Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005).

12. Robert Pape, interview with The American Conservative, July 18, 2005.

13. Huston Smith, Islam, ix, x.

14. John Esposito, What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam, 134.

15. Fatima Mernissi, Women in Moslem Paradise (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1986), 23.

17. Huston Smith, Islam. ix.

18. Hesham Samy Abdel-Alim, “Hip-Hop Islam,” Al-Ahram, July 7-13, 2005.

19. The name Five Percent emanates from their belief that only 5 percent of the population has true knowledge, while 10 percent have some but use it to rule over the remaining 85 percent.

6 The Future

2. BBC News, “Call to Bridge West-Muslim Divide,” November 13, 2006; unaoc.org.