4. Craig Smith, “Elite French Schools Block the Poor’s Path to Power,” New York Times, December 18, 2005.

5. Kofi Annan, “Why Europe Needs an Immigration Strategy,” from a speech made to the European Parliament, January 29, 2004, www.un.org/news/ossg/sg/stories/sg-29jan2004.htm; “Aging Europe Finds Its Pension Is Running Out,” New York Times, June 29, 2003.

6. Jytte Klausen, The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

7. US Department of State, Washington, DC, “French Muslims Favor Integration,” May 24, 2005.

8. Dalia Mogahed and Zsolt Nyiri, “Reinventing Integration,” Harvard International Review, Summer 2007.

10. Paul M. Barrett, American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2007), 9.

11. Louise Story, New York Times, “Re-writing the Ad Rules for Muslim Americans,” April 28, 2007.

12. Barnard Godard, Formation des Imams, quoted by Jytte Klausen in The Islamic Challenge, 116.

13. Ten billion Euros in general taxpayer funding and 8.5 billion euros in “church tax” were collected by the government on behalf of the two churches.

14. Tariq Ramadan, To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1999); Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 2001).

15. Gary Younge, “The Right to Be Offended,” The Nation, February 27, 2006.

16. Dan Bilefsky, New York Times, “Cartoon Dispute Prompts Identity Crisis for Liberal Denmark,” February 12, 2006.

17. Reuters, “Denmark Accuses Imams of Whipping Up Cartoon Row,” February 8, 2006.

18. Dan Bilefsky, New York Times, “Denmark Is Unlikely Front in Islam-West Culture Wars,” January 8, 2006.

19. Interview with the author, 2005.

20. Guy Coq, “Scarves and Symbols,” New York Times, January 30, 2004.

3 The Faith

1. Ziauddin Sardar and Zafar Abbas Malik, Muhammad for Beginners (Cambridge: Icon, 1994), 28.

2. Hammid Abbas, Story of the Great Expansion (Jeddah: Al Bilal Printing, 1996), 175, 214-15, 365, 372; Aramco Magazine (Houston: Saudi Aramco Oil Co., May/June 2002).

3. “For Muslims, Loans for the Conscience,” New York Times, August 7, 2005.

4. Newsweek, “Money Talks: Major Western Banks Coming to Dominate Booming Global Market in Islamic Finance,” August 8, 2005.

5. Will McSheehy and Shanthy Nambiar, “Shepherding an Islamic Bond Surge,” International Herald Tribune, May 2, 2007.

6. Huston Smith, Islam: A Concise Introduction (San Francisco: Harper, 2001), 76.

7. Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984 and 2000), 240.

4 Women

1. Guity Nashat, in “Introduction,” Women in Islam: From Medieval to Modern Times by Wiebke Walther (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publications, 1995), 7-8.

2. Reza Aslan, No God but God (New York: Random House, 2005), 72-73.

3. 2005 report of the Women’s Empowerment and Development Organization, an American NGO charting women’s progress since the 1995 United Nations-sponsored conference on women in Beijing.

7. Jamal Badawi, Gender Equity in Islam (Plainfield, Indiana: American Trust Publications, 1995), 4.

8. web.amnesty.org/actforwomen/domestic-index-eng.

9. Lizette Alvarez, “Sweden Boldly Exposes a Secret Side of Women’s Lives,” New York Times, April 6, 2005.

10. Sharon LaFraniere, “Entrenched Epidemic: Wife Beatings – Africa,” New York Times, August 11, 2005.

11. Elizabeth Rosenthal, “Women Face Greatest Threat of Violence at Home, Study Finds,” New York Times, October 6, 2006.

12. Ibid.

13. Chris McGreal, “Murdered in the Name of Honor,” Guardian Weekly, July 1-7, 2005.

14. Camille Bains, “Indo-Canadians Caught in a Clash of Cultures,” Toronto Star, June 25, 2005.

15. New York Times, “Grandmother Guilty in ‘Honor Killing,’” July 27, 2007.

16. Sebnem Arsu, “Turks to Fight ‘Honor Killing’ of Women,” New York Times, May 16, 2005.