For more on this story, see Tom Clancy’s Into the Storm.

43

EUCOM’s Air Force component, U.S. Air Forces Europe.

44

Southeastern Turkey is largely Kurdish, and a significant part of this Kurdish majority wants to join their brothers in the Kurdish portions of Iran, Iraq, and Syria in a unified Kurdish state—Kurdistan. In Turkey Kurds have frequently signaled their separatist intentions by means of guerrilla insurrections and terrorist acts.

45

Tangney, as a lieutenant general, was later the commander of the U.S. Army Special Operations Command.

46

This story is told more fully in Tom Clancy’s Shadow Warriors, chapter 14, “The Face of the Future.”

47

Both leaders maintained ongoing negotiations with Saddam during our relief operation. At one point, Barzani asked for advice about what to settle for that the U.S. might support. He never got an answer from us—in my view, a serious missed opportunity.

48

Teams from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) came in to help.

49

DART, which operates out of the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), is a civilian agency whose mission is to assess and handle foreign humanitarian relief. They send out teams to make on-the-ground evaluations, and they coordinate with other government agencies and civilian contractors. Dayton Maxwell was a senior-level professional with the OFDA.

50

He was recalled back to Baghdad toward the end of our initial operation. We heard he was executed for plotting against Saddam.

51

We had twelve casualties from land mines, which littered the area and were a constant source of concern both for our troops and the local Kurds. The operation ended up costing the Coalition seven dead and 130 injured from a variety of causes.

52

One big reason they don’t trust the militaries: They’re used to trying to fix the disasters that result from militaries in conflict.

53

This was the base used in 1948 for the Berlin Airlift; it therefore had an ironic and historic significance.

54

Toward the end of Provide Hope, much effort was put into the problem of stabilizing the ruble.

55

The Marine counterpart to the Army’s Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).

56

The son of a legendary Marine general.

57

In the military, the chief of staff is something like a civilian chairman of a board of directors. He’s the senior man on the staff who pulls together all its sections—administration, operations, logistics, planning, etc. He’s also third in command after the commander and his deputy.

58

Somalia was in the CENTCOM area of operations.

59

Aideed was a highly intelligent man, Western-educated and Western-trained militarily, but also cunning, violent, and brutal. After rising to the rank of general in Siad Barre’s army, he had turned against Barre and then had been imprisoned for seven years. After his release and “rehabilitation,” Barre made him Somalia’s ambassador to India, to get him out of the way. He turned against Barre again after his return.

60

Operation Provide Relief was absorbed by Operation Restore Hope in February 1993.

61